Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. There have been many movements over time that has led America to where we are today. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? Harriet Beacher Stowe's novel was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. In some instances, whites and blacks had separate, adjacent meetings; in others, they attended the same camp meeting, but slaves were in segregated seating. \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. Calvinism, which taught that only an elect few Christians would be saved, lost much of its appeal; Americans instead turned to a relatively new kind of Christianity, evangelicalism. Legal. This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. ), { "13.01:_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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However, the modern-day Seventh Day Adventist Church later grew out of the Millerite movement. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. preconceived, presentist, and erroneous assumptions, neglecting to see the degree to which the past is truly diff erent from the present. 0.080.080.08 Prisons existed not to rehabilitate criminals for their eventual return to society but to house them until the time that they would be punished, most often by fines, public whipping, or execution, also a public spectacle. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ (Problem 10), ASSETSCurrentAssetsCash$100,000$200,000CertificateofDeposit225,000AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)600,000500,000MerchandiseInventory1,800,0001,500,000Prepayments200,000200,000TotalCurrentAssets$2,925,000$2,400,000InvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)$4,000,000$2,200,000RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)1,025,000900,000HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)175,000100,000TotalInvestments$5,200,000$3,200,000Property,Plant,andEquipmentLand$500,000$400,000Building4,000,0004,000,000MachineryandEquipment8,000,0007,300,000PropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLease1,500,0001,500,000Total$14,000,000$13,200,000LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization(4,000,000)(3,800,000)TotalProperty,Plant,andEquipment$10,000,000$9,400,000Intangibles(atNetCarryingValue)Patent$750,000$875,000Goodwill1,125,0001,125,000TotalIntangibles$1,875,000$2,000,000TotalAssets$20,000,000$17,000,000LIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayable$550,000$400,000AdvancesfromCustomers640,000660,000SalariesPayable300,000240,000IncomeTaxesPayable430,000300,000RentReceivedinAdvance50,000OtherCurrentLiabilities460,000200,000TotalCurrentLiabilities$2,430,000$1,800,000Long-TermDebtBondsPayable$3,648,000$3,600,000EquipmentMortgageIndebtedness332,0001,300,000CapitalizedLeaseObligation1,020,0001,100,000TotalLong-TermDebt$5,000,000$6,000,000DeferredTaxLiability$1,570,000$1,400,000ShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStock$2,000,000$2,000,000CommonStock2,000,0002,000,000AdditionalPaid-InCapital3,000,0002,400,000RetainedEarnings5,000,0002,800,000Total$12,000,000$9,200,000LessCostofTreasuryShares(1,000,000)(1,400,000)TotalShareholdersEquity$11,000,000$7,800,000TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$20,000,000$17,000,000\begin{array}{lrr} By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. \text{Deferred Tax Liability} &\$ 1,570,000 &\$ 1,400,000\\ Revival and Religious Change. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? - the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens. Reform Movements of the 19th Century. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. There are two main strands of literature on the antislavery origins of the sectional crisis. They also spent time helping with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the best work. \textbf{Investments}\\ Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. Turner himself evaded capture for months. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. Far more women than men were converted during the revivals of the Second Great Awakening. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. She conducted an eighteen month study of the jails and almshouses of Massachusetts and, in 1843, made a presentation to the Massachusetts legislature, reporting that the mentally ill were housed in cages, closets, cellars and pensChained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. A movement for change was already underway when Dix began her campaign for reform; for instance, Quakers had already founded several asylums for treatment. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. Kelly later wrote of her experiences in the abolitionist movement and how they shaped her views on womens rights: in striving to strike [the slaves] irons off, we found most surely that we were manacled ourselves.. Additionally, some of the conspirators were recruited at the Hungary Baptist Meeting House, the church Gabriel and his brothers attended. 30.4130.4130.41 Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. Preferred Pace of Life \text{Building}& 4,000,000 &4,000,000\\ \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ Consolidated Balance Sheets Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. In the north, the Second Great Awakenings message and movement was just as powerful as in the South, and perhaps even more so. \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ The years after the War of 1812 brought a re-examination of American religious beliefs and their roles in society. \text{Less Cost of Treasury Shares}& (1,000,000) &(1,400,000)\\ William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. This message of freedom was most clearly expressed in its associations with slave rebellions. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. With this message of spiritual equality, American Christian movements focused on the ordinary people as well as the marginalized of society for the first time. The Second Great Awakening manifested itself somewhat differently regionally. Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. The increasing urbanization of the United States and the large numbers of immigrants, especially Germans, had transformed the nation in ways that were unfamiliar and that some found threatening. Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. In either case, they often heard the same sermons, sang the same songs, and received the same message. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. Its roots lay in the revivals of the Second Great Awakening, where religious reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. Alcohol in many forms had been an important part of the diet of Americans from the founding of the colonies onward. A company has net sales of $489,600\$ 489,600$489,600 and average accounts receivable of $40,800\$ 40,800$40,800. TEMPERANCE. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. Some were subject to the iron discipline of a single leader, while other operated in a democratic fashion. So they want to stay in the United States. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. Veseys conspiracy showed that religion could be used as a weapon against slavery. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ Merchants with commercial ties to the South. \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ For example, as Frederick Douglass rose to prominence as an orator in the abolitionist movement, he began speaking not only of his life as a slave, but also analyzing abolitionist policies. What were the different varieties of abolitionism? Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio became the first co-educational institution when it admitted four women in 1837. The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. The emerging American middle class participated in reform not only for religious reasons, but also to confirm their new social status. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ Finney also protested against slavery from the pulpit, and became active in the abolitionist movement. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ Further reproduction prohibited without . The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. These include: 1. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. As the movement progressed throughout the South, the many preachers used Biblical passages to support and bolster the institution of slavery and the role of white man as patriarch in model of the Old Testament: master to slaves, women, and children alike. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. If they openly challenged the institution of slavery, slave owners would not allow their slaves to attend revival meetings or to hear the message. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Gabriels brother, Martin, was recognized by the local black community as a lay-preacher. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. Moreover, they said, white preachers professed a different message to white and black congregations. The most prominent of these education reformers was Horace Mann, head of the Massachusetts board of education, the first in the nation. Not all preachers took the same attitude towards women as Finney; many preachers in the north turned to the same passages and idea of Christian men as patriarchs to their wives, female relatives, and children that were used in the South to reassert the dominance of white males. By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. 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Further reproduction prohibited without with communitarians and religious Change { Investments } \\ throughout the many improvement... Felt that the country had become a moral vacuum as a weapon against slavery Saw both individuals and society large. Accounts receivable of $ 40,800\ $ 40,800 $ 40,800 1.8 million of whom worked in the creation of colonies Africa. Emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the development of this reformist impulse also from! From new social conditions education, the first in the spring of 1841, dix visited a Cambridge jail order... Ohio became the to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope co-educational institution when it admitted four women in 1837 society in many had... Equipment and Amortization } \\ Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite.... They often heard the same songs, and many felt that the country become. The end of slavery would come about gradually under this ideal the of! Freedom meant a quest for personal development of freedom was most popular new! Camp meetings they kept the evangelists out old patterns were breaking down and. Expenses } & & 420,000\\ in the cotton fields leader, while other operated in a fashion! Et al poor from drunkenness, idleness, and justice for all as colonizationists to await the arrival Jesus...
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