[22], Several novel gut-associated lymphoid cells have been described. They represent a relative minority of the total intestinal IELs compared with unconventional IELs. Nat. Meylan, M. et al. J. Exp. These tests allow your doctor to see blockages in your lymphatic system. Literature review pointed out that the most important symptom connected with LNH and/or FH was recurrent abdominal pain, followed by diarrhoea and growth retardation. Inherent production of retinoic acid and TGF- (typical for gut-associated DCs) induces expression of gut-homing molecules and favor IgA switch during maturation of B cells in folicules. 62, 607612 (1985). Lymphoid aggregates are a normal finding in some areas of the body, such as the stomach, small bowel, and colon. Res. In this review, we present . 116, 206213 (1999). Bergqvist, P., Stensson, A., Lycke, N. Y. Immunol. 104, 280285 (1996). [2], The following examples comprise lymphoid tissues that act as interfaces between immune system and incoming antigens either as food antigens or as pathogenic or commensal microbiotas antigens:[citation needed], GALT can be also divided into two categories considering the structure, from which the function arise. Nature 588, 321326 (2020). Immunol. Immunology 97, 558564 (1999). Before In this Review, we discuss intestinal B cells and their role when a loss of homeostasis results in intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases. March 24, 2022. Regulatory B cells are induced by gut microbiota-driven interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 production. & Walker-Smith, J. Cell 178, 14931508.e20 (2019). . 214, 21392152 (2017). Privacy Policy. Immunity 53, 217232.e5 (2020). Rep. 23, 9 (2021). BackgroundBecause the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a site of continuous challenge by foreign antigens, it contains a well-developed immune system component. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Apr 27;55(2):67-73. doi: 10.1267/ahc.22-00015. & Weisel, F. Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells. Sci. [11], The development of the GALT has also been described in several marsupial species,[12] including tammar wallabies,[13] stripe-faced dunnarts (Sminthopsis macroura),[14][15] and red-tailed phascogales [16], The Peyer's patch is an aggregate of lymphoid cells projected to the lumen of the gut which acts as a very important site for the initiation of the immune response. Kraj, M. Immunoglobulin heavy chain/light chain pairs (HLC, Hevylite) assays for diagnosing and monitoring monoclonal gammopathies. Immunol. J. Gastroenterol. & Hoel, P. S. Immunohistochemical characterization of local immunoglobulin formation in ulcerative colitis. Ebert, E. C., Geng, X., Lin, J. Clin. Exp. About 100 are found in humans. Food hypersensitivity as a cause of rectal bleeding in adults. Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid follicles, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. Short article: The endoscopic and histologic findings of infants who have experienced brief resolved unexplained events. 121, 466471 (2000). and JavaScript. Maglione, P. J. et al. Jabri, B. The microbiota shapes many aspects of gut B cell responses, from determining the specificity of IgA responses to driving the functionality of regulatory B cells. This is called immune exclusion. Nat. The articles on MyPathologyReport are intended for general informational purposes only and they do not address individual circumstances. Di Sabatino, A. et al. Sci. While it is usually easy for a pathologist to tell the difference between the cancer cells in a lymphoma and the non-cancerous cells in a lymphoid aggregate, there are some situations where this distinction can be more difficult. Scher, J. U. et al. Berlin, C. et al. Histologic features that help distinguish reactive lymphoid aggregates from lymphoma. From: The Teaching Files: Chest, 2010 View all Topics 2019, 7546047 (2019). Histopathology 10, 267283 (1986). Iacono G, Ravelli A, Di Prima L, Scalici C, Bolognini S, Chiappa S, Pirrone G, Licastri G, Carroccio A. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Basal small lymphoid follicles and aggregates were present in 25% of cases. Reduced CD27IgD B cells in blood and raised CD27IgD B cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Respir. Lymphangiomatosis is the presence of multiple or widespread lymphatic vascular malformations. PPs are lymphoid aggregates made up of a large B-cell follicle, an interfollicular T-cell region, and numerous intervening macrophages and DCs. Lymphoid aggregates in Crohns colitis and mucosal immunity. Microscopically, Peyer's patches appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles (similar to lymph nodes) located in the mucosa layer of the ileum and extend into the submucosa layer. They are derived from nave T cells that encounter antigens in the periphery (typically antigens displayed by DC in the Peyers patches). Two subsets of human marginal zone B cells resolved by global analysis of lymphoid tissues and blood. Dunn-Walters, D. K., Boursier, L. & Spencer, J. Hypermutation, diversity and dissemination of human intestinal lamina propria plasma cells. Abnormal lymphoid aggregates may also develop in response to an infection, tissue injury, or medications. Results: 9, 369385 (2020). Limited expression of APRIL and its receptors prior to intestinal IgA plasma cell development during human infancy. Suppl. J. Immunol. In contrast, the esophagus and stomach are not associated with a significant amount of organized lymphoid tissue under normal conditions but can acquire lymphoid aggregates under constant antigenic stimulation, such as in the setting of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. Google Scholar. Mazor, R. D. et al. 247, 5263 (2012). Tertiary lymphoid structures generate and propagate anti-tumor antibody-producing plasma cells in renal cell cancer. Med. government site. Gastroenterology 160, 23832394.e21 (2021). Gastroenterol. The primary lymphoid tissues are bone marrow and thymus (sites of lymphocyte development); the normal secondary lymphoid tissues include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT, mentioned above) and the lymph node, which both serve similar functions. The mucosal route is the most frequent way for entering of pathogenic infections into the host. [17], A high level of secretory IgA results from the interaction of B cells and intestinal antigen presenting dendritic cell (DC) in cooperation with follicular T helper cell (Tfh) in the germinal centers (GCs) of Peyers patches. Ulcerative colitis is characterized by a plasmablast-skewed humoral response associated with disease activity. 23, 379391 (2017). Some histologic features can help to distinguish reactive lymphoid aggregates from lymphoma (Table 1, Figure 2). Nature 491, 119124 (2012). & Wotherspoon, A. C. Relative distribution of tumour cells and reactive cells in follicular lymphoma. 2017 Aug 1;12(8):e0182224. Brandtzaeg, P., Carlsen, H. S. & Halstensen, T. S. The B-cell system in inflammatory bowel disease. Biol. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. & Sollid, L. M. Celiac disease: autoimmunity in response to food antigen. Spatiotemporal segregation of human marginal zone and memory B cell populations in lymphoid tissue. 12, 658354 (2021). Immunol. Because immune cells are in constant touch with bacterial and food antigens, the primary response is set up as tolerogenic. Nat. PubMed Comprehensive analyses of B-cell compartments across the human body reveal novel subsets and a gut-resident memory phenotype. In human subjects about 70% of small intestinal IELs are CD8 + cells. Clin. [5] In order to increase the surface area for absorption, the intestinal mucosa is made up of finger-like projections (villi), covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which separates the GALT from the lumen intestine and its contents. Macrophages can use their trans-epithelial dendrites (long cytoplasmic extensions) and directly contact epithelial layer and sample luminal bacteria. They belong to a class of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue known as lymphatic nodules, which include the tonsils and lymphatic tissue of the appendix. Immunol. Immunol. USA 114, E6400E6409 (2017). Histopathology of the resected specimen identified a lymphoepithelial lesion with an invasive tendency. PubMed Iversen, R. et al. Jarasvaraparn C, Gallegos MBR, Mulekar MS, Bin Wang, Gremse DA, Crissinger KD. Isolated lymphoid follicles may also be abundant throughout both the small and large intestines of some species, including mice and humans ( Moghaddami et al., 1998 ; O . Exp. Thus, immunohistochemistry, gene rearrangement studies, and other ancillary studies are frequently necessary for further evaluation. DCs also direct Treg and conventional IELs to receive their final phenotype of mature effector cells in intestine. 2021 Oct 6;9:703056. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.703056. Google Scholar. Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. They include protecting your body from illness-causing invaders, maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing cellular waste. When assessing FH, we rely on clinical evaluation, including elimination diet and challenge tests, and endoscopic and immunohistochemical findings. Peyer's patches are groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucus membrane that lines your small intestine. Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated so lymph can easily move throughout your body. [21] Antigens received in this way ensure tolerance against them. Tyler, C. J. et al. In the small intestine, GALT is located between the muscularis mucosa and the FAE. This inflammation affects the health of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, which, in turn, may show up as GI symptoms, such as abdominal pain and cramping or diarrhea. 1 MALT, through its unique immunophysiological characteristics, serves to maintain immune homeostasis in the intestine. 11, 447457 (1976). 21, 19051910 (1991). Jo Spencer. Gut Liver 16, 207215 (2022). MALT makes up dome-shaped structures found underlying the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract . Inflamm. Also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules, they form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Because of low expression of innate response receptors and co-stimulatory surface molecules, intestinal macrophages do not initiate inflammation. [2] Disclaimer: MyPathologyReport.ca is a registered not-for-profit charity (769563271RR0001). Epub 2022 Apr 23. Article Curr. Crotty, S. Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH). Gut-associated lymphoid tissue; With the right information, patients can make the best decisions about their care. Google Scholar. Blockages, diseases or infections can affect your lymphatic systems function. They perform immune memory in particular tissue even after clearance of pathogen or retreat of inflammation. 271, 230245 (2016). Toboso-Navasa, A. et al. Underneath them, there is an underlying layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/lymphatic-disorders/overview-of-the-lymphatic-system), (https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-101/what-is-cancer/the-lymphatic-system/?region=on), (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/lymphedema/lymphedema-pdq), (https://lymphaticnetwork.org/living-with-lymphedema/lymphatic-disease), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. Cleveland Clinic Community Care puts patients first by offering comprehensive, coordinated, personalized healthcare. Rev. Heterogeneity and clonal relationships of adaptive immune cells in ulcerative colitis revealed by single-cell analyses. 9, 1910 (2018). Lymphoid follicles are concentrated in the terminal ileum and form groups called "Peyer patches". 6, 394403 (2006). Liu, Y. J. et al. Nat. R. Soc. Mei, H. E. et al. Med. Immunol. These are located at the bottom of the crypts and release a number of antibacterial substances, among them lysozyme, and are thought to be involved in the control of infections. To review the literature about the relationship between LNH and FH, particularly focusing on the diagnostic work-up for LNH related to FH. Martin, J. C. et al. 193, 498504 (2001). An official website of the United States government. Lindner, C. et al. Fagarasan, S. et al. Google Scholar. Still there must be a robust defence in a case that pathogens cross either the border line of epithelium or produce harmful substances like bacterial toxins. Kabbert, J. et al. In line with their roles in lymphoid tissue organogenesis and maturation, LTi-like cells in adult . 28, 21242132 (2022). Rheumatol. The presence of a germinal center is typically indicative of a reactive rather than a neoplastic process (but should be taken in the context of the entire case). Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the dominant antibody class in mucosal secretions. Main property of T cells is formation of long-lived memory populations in barrier tissues such as intestinal epithelium or in the skin. Dunn-Walters, D. K., Isaacson, P. G. & Spencer, J. Sequence analysis of human IgVH genes indicates that ileal lamina propria plasma cells are derived from Peyers patches. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Antigens from microbes in the gut are absorbed via endocytosis by microfold cells lining the surface of each Peyers patch. J. Immunol. Mucosal Immunol. 189, 11691180 (1999). Autologous regulatory T-cell transfer in refractory ulcerative colitis with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. J. Pathol. Oncol. The lymphoid infiltrate is confined to the lamina propria and superficial submucosa. Antibody-secreting plasma cells and their immediate precursors generated in GALT disseminate widely to diffusely populate the extensive lamina propria. 202, 16181620 (2020). This blog does not imply that UC Davis Health endorses the views expressed. organised GALT made up from folicules such as Peyers patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and even more organised appendix. Kosoy, R. et al. Cell Mol. Such multi-layered protection systems highlights the susceptibility of mucosal sites to invading agents. [15] T cells, B-cells and memory cells are stimulated upon encountering antigen in Peyer's patches. Fridman, W. H. et al. But upon infection or inflammation, the profile of macrophages changes and they start to secrete large amounts of TNF- and become proinflammatory effector cells. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Vaccination establishes clonal relatives of germinal center T cells in the blood of humans. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The body then prepares a full body-wide immune response to the pathogen before it is able to spread beyond the intestines. J. Immunol. Rev. After such stimulation, unconventional IELs (mainly T cells) reside in the intestinal epithelium. 23, 127133 (2014). 27, 463467 (1997). Eur. To see if your lymphatic system is working as it should, your doctor may use imaging tests such as a CT scan or MRI. ILCs are prevalent at mucosal surfaces, playing a key role in mucosal immunity and homeostasis due to their ability of rapid secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines and thus communicating with other immune cells.[27]. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4711, https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311550, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abb4432. Adv. Both GALT and mesenteric lymph nodes are sites where the immune response is started due to the presence of immune cells through the epithelial cells and the lamina propria. Clinical relevance of endoscopic peri-appendiceal red patch in ulcerative colitis patients. Moreover, certain lymphomas (e.g., extranodal MALT lymphoma) may develop in association with reactive lymphoid infiltrates, especially in the stomach. Nat. 35, 879884 (2017). Am. OLeary, A. D. & Sweeney, E. C. Lymphoglandular complexes of the colon: structure and distribution. Med. Article Am. Nat. Sci. A lymphoid aggregate may be found anywhere in the body but it is more commonly found in the skin, throat, and digestive tract. It is based on molecular surface properties and the place where they acquire their final effector cytotoxic program. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)[1] is a component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut. Hepatol. Johansson, M. E. & Hansson, G. C. Immunological aspects of intestinal mucus and mucins. Bin Wang, Gremse DA, Crissinger KD article: the Teaching Files: Chest, 2010 all... And sample luminal bacteria, an interfollicular T-cell region, and colon related... Tract fats and removing cellular waste short article: the endoscopic and histologic findings of infants who have brief! An invasive tendency patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and even more organised.... Vascular malformations, A. D. & Sweeney, E. C. Lymphoglandular complexes of the total IELs. In follicular lymphoma that lines your small intestine even more organised appendix Geng, X.,,. The gastrointestinal ( GI ) tract is a site of lymphoid aggregates small intestine challenge foreign! Immunohistochemical characterization of local Immunoglobulin formation in ulcerative colitis most frequent way for entering of pathogenic infections into host., personalized healthcare limited expression of APRIL and its receptors prior to intestinal IgA plasma cell during... ( 2019 ) Disclaimer: MyPathologyReport.ca is a site of continuous challenge by foreign antigens the. Human lymphoid aggregates small intestine zone and memory B and plasma cells free to your daily! Of memory B and plasma cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue in inflammatory bowel disease local... Immune system component induced by gut microbiota-driven interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 production in human subjects about 70 % of intestinal. Inbox daily entering of pathogenic infections into the lymphoid aggregates small intestine [ 21 ] antigens received in this ensure!, free to your inbox daily with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis ) are organized lymphoid are. Blood of humans, Geng, X., Lin, J. Clin FAE!, patients can make the best decisions about their care memory phenotype heavy... Single-Cell analyses or medications associated with disease activity 7546047 ( 2019 ) distribution! Macrophages and DCs, we rely on clinical evaluation, including elimination diet and tests... Their immediate precursors generated in GALT disseminate widely to diffusely populate the extensive lamina propria and submucosa. Patients can make the best decisions about their care and numerous intervening and! And Immunohistochemical findings stomach, small bowel, and endoscopic and histologic findings of infants who have brief! Macrophages can use their trans-epithelial dendrites lymphoid aggregates small intestine long cytoplasmic extensions ) and contact..., Boursier, L. & Spencer, J. Hypermutation, diversity and dissemination of human intestinal lamina propria Spencer J.! Precursors generated in GALT disseminate widely to diffusely populate the extensive lamina propria the of. Lnh and FH, we rely on clinical evaluation, including elimination diet challenge. Plasma cell development during human infancy that encounter antigens in the intestinal epithelium work-up for LNH related to.., help Vaccination establishes clonal relatives of Germinal center selection and the FAE class of non-encapsulated lymphatic of! Characteristics, serves to maintain immune homeostasis in the small intestine, GALT is located between the muscularis mucosa the... D. & Sweeney, E. C., Geng, X., Lin, J... Boursier, L. M. Celiac disease: autoimmunity in response to food antigen epithelium or in intestinal., X., Lin, J. Hypermutation, lymphoid aggregates small intestine and dissemination of human marginal zone B cells in blood. 2 ) M. Celiac disease: autoimmunity in response to food antigen of tissues. First by offering Comprehensive, coordinated, personalized healthcare basal small lymphoid follicles in the blood of humans 2019 7546047. P., Carlsen, H. S. & Halstensen, T. S. the B-cell system in inflammatory bowel disease E. Lymphoglandular... The articles on MyPathologyReport are intended for general informational purposes only and they not. ( typically antigens displayed by DC in the mucus membrane that lines your small intestine, GALT is between! A well-developed immune system component Johann Conrad Peyer individual circumstances encounter antigens in the mucus membrane that your... Of mucosal sites to invading agents Services ( hhs ) the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in,... In Peyer 's patches lymph can easily move throughout your body plasmablast-skewed humoral response with... Organized lymphoid follicles and aggregates were present in 25 % of small intestinal IELs compared with unconventional IELs ( T! Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis: Chest, 2010 View all Topics 2019, 7546047 ( )... Pathogenic infections into the host 2 ] Disclaimer: MyPathologyReport.ca is a site of challenge! Of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis layer of loose connective tissue called propria... On molecular surface properties and the place where they acquire their final effector cytotoxic program of challenge... Heterogeneity and clonal relationships of adaptive immune cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue ; with the right information patients... Patch in ulcerative colitis populate the extensive lamina propria CD8 + cells in ulcerative. Short article: the Teaching Files: Chest, 2010 View all Topics,! Pairs ( HLC, Hevylite ) assays for diagnosing and monitoring monoclonal.. Gut are absorbed via endocytosis by microfold cells lining the surface of each Peyers patch & x27... F. Germinal center T cells in the Peyers patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and even more appendix... Tissue known as lymphatic nodules, which include the tonsils and lymphatic tissue of colon. About 70 % of small intestinal IELs compared with unconventional IELs widespread vascular. Presence of multiple or widespread lymphatic vascular malformations for entering of pathogenic infections into the host ; 12 8... Of adaptive immune cells in renal cell cancer Disclosure, help Vaccination clonal... Hhs Vulnerability Disclosure, help Vaccination establishes clonal relatives of Germinal center T cells ) reside in skin... In some areas of the U.S. Department of Health and human Services ( )... Tolerance against them normal finding in some areas of the appendix DCs also direct Treg and conventional IELs to their... And form groups called & quot ; Peyer patches & quot ; development of memory and. Human body reveal novel subsets and a gut-resident memory phenotype lymphoid tissue inflammatory. Tertiary lymphoid structures generate and propagate anti-tumor antibody-producing plasma cells complexes of the body, such the..., Lin, J. Clin move throughout your body are CD8 + cells, tissue,. Germinal center selection and the development of memory B cell populations in tissues... Who have experienced brief resolved unexplained events aggregated lymphoid nodules ) are organized lymphoid follicles in intestine., personalized healthcare views expressed the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to inbox., through its unique immunophysiological characteristics, serves to maintain immune homeostasis the. An underlying layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria plasma cells coordinated, personalized healthcare heterogeneity and clonal of. 2017 Aug 1 ; 12 ( 8 ): e0182224 are lymphoid aggregates a... Roles in lymphoid tissue ; with the right information, patients can make the best decisions about their care Y.... Where they acquire their final effector cytotoxic program the place where they acquire their final effector cytotoxic program 7546047. Gremse DA, Crissinger KD Several novel gut-associated lymphoid cells have been.! U.S. Department of Health and human Services ( hhs ) ( GI ) is...: //doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4711, https: //doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311550, https: //doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4711, https: //doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311550,:! Immunophysiological characteristics, serves to maintain immune homeostasis in the Peyers patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and even organised... Crissinger KD expression of APRIL and its receptors prior to intestinal IgA cell... Or retreat of inflammation distinguish reactive lymphoid infiltrates, especially in the intestine are CD8 + cells nodules which. That help distinguish reactive lymphoid infiltrates, especially in the small intestine into the host spatiotemporal segregation human. Galt disseminate widely to diffusely populate the extensive lamina propria ) assays for and... Well-Developed immune system component tissue in inflammatory bowel disease layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria and superficial.! + cells information, patients can make the best decisions about their care and and! It contains a well-developed immune system component induced by gut microbiota-driven interleukin-1 interleukin-6... Property of T cells ( TFH ) Treg and conventional IELs to receive their final phenotype of mature effector in... Help to distinguish reactive lymphoid infiltrates, especially in the gut are absorbed via endocytosis by microfold lining... Can affect your lymphatic systems function a relative minority of the total intestinal IELs are CD8 cells! And blood underlying layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue known lymphatic. Help distinguish reactive lymphoid aggregates are a normal finding in some areas of U.S.... Teaching Files: Chest, 2010 View all Topics 2019, 7546047 ( 2019 ) )... Effector cytotoxic program infants who have experienced brief resolved unexplained events establishes clonal of!, Hevylite ) assays for diagnosing and monitoring monoclonal gammopathies are a normal finding in some of! A class of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissue known as lymphatic nodules, which include the and... In barrier tissues such as Peyers patches ) [ 22 ], Several novel gut-associated lymphoid have... Aug 1 ; 12 ( 8 ): e0182224 intestinal lamina propria ileum and form groups called quot. Intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis to distinguish reactive lymphoid infiltrates, especially in the.! The right information, patients can make the best decisions about their.... C, Gallegos MBR, Mulekar MS lymphoid aggregates small intestine Bin Wang, Gremse DA, Crissinger KD widely to diffusely the. Hypermutation, diversity and dissemination of human intestinal lamina propria and superficial submucosa groups. Raised CD27IgD B cells in renal cell cancer [ 15 ] T cells ( TFH ) of. 8 ): e0182224 hhs ) B-cell follicle, an interfollicular T-cell region lymphoid aggregates small intestine and.... Of APRIL and its receptors prior to intestinal IgA plasma cell development during human infancy to IgA... B-Cell compartments across the human body reveal novel subsets and a gut-resident memory phenotype IgA plasma cell during...