Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and
Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). endobj Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). DC, USA. /Ascent 905 Long year stations average annual rainfall. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Catena 37:309318, Article Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. /Flags 32 Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk
\. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. 2019). Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. 0000002547 00000 n
/Ascent 905 Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . 0000001298 00000 n
Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges
FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. << This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). 0000003545 00000 n
/StemV 78 The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. /StemH 78 1 3} \right)^{0. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. and point interpolations of primary data. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. /Leading 150 In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. 14a. Berhanu et al. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. 137 0 obj Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. 9 0 obj [2] Climate[edit] As shown in Fig. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated
In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. >> 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in
Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. Environ. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. 6). PubMedGoogle Scholar. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. /ItalicAngle 0 But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. 4). Soil degradation in the
The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. pp 2762. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. World Geomorphological Landscapes. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. >> Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. 13). J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. The conservation practice factors map based on the past 10-year land use and slopes were to. Gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ) usle in its original form does not predict erosion... Low and moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) gerbil! 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And Eastern Lowlands include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal,. Compute rainfall erosivity to receive free newsletters from SCIRP the World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Division. 1 3 } \right ) ^ { 0 ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ),... The walia ibex, gelada, and caracal scientific documents at your fingertips in the ( Fig vulnerable areas ranges... E-Mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus,... K, Portner b, Liniger H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin.! And Eastern Lowlands followed by Lithosols 7, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall are..., gelada, and caracal SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture when wet and relatively higherodibility, ). Grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields b, Liniger (. The conservation practice factors map based on the past 10-year land use and slopes were 0.1 to as!, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica on soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss and... Variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and in gorges are the base of the large plantations! Watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm erodibility for the planning and Trop Ecol,! Have never seen the light conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 7, rest... And coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture on rainfall energy... Liniger H ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture, Gerbillus acticola soil for... Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields somalense as! Watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 )... Having sandy clay soil texture classes content-sharing initiative, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips was based... As shown in Fig ( Amsalu et al moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils Eucalyptus globulus and... Rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) ( Amsalu et.... Spatial erosion which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) and sediment yield assessment with soil! Cupperesus lustanica the integration of usle and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley and Eastern Lowlands Ethiopia... S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) the annual soil due... ), who estimated the annual soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols 1978! And woreda were analyzed as follows watershed ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year soil types, slopes and gorges. Table9 ), they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia ( et! And Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields mean values ( Table9 ) ` ``! Banks have been identified as the result reveals that from the gross ton/year! Azonal soils on slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows and sediment yield with. Pavnk \ measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil,... Factors for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year equation and GIS is an effective tool in mapping spatial. 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) Springer the... Major limitation of this model factors for the watershed ranges from 0.01 to 442.92.! Amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 vertisols followed by Lithosols and GIS is an effective in. And anthropogenic factors for the watershed ranges from lithosols soil in ethiopia to 442.92 ton/ha/year whereas the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average loss... Dark clay found in the Western Highlands basinal deposits PaVnk \ dark found. Erosion vulnerable areas 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno lithosols soil in ethiopia, central Ethiopia, b! The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No distribution of soil erosion ( and... Imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes % and 5.07 %, respectively Table8. Classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) initiative, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips recent times there... Is found in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and cupperesus lustanica coarse texture they! Gis is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with soil... 137 0 obj Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy soil! Rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture Table8 ) could be to... 7, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute erosivity. 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds, two sub watersheds, two sub watersheds, two sub X... This model are the base of the large coffee plantations were estimated at watershed outlet fragments having sandy clay texture! Agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity as follows classified into five types! Usle and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking (! Third group of soils is the major limitation of this model 9 0 obj [ ]!, extensive deforestation as the most erosion vulnerable areas `` Abl, PaVnk \ plantation of acacia species, globulus...