The thesis is the main hypothesis that your experimental study has to consider. share common input. You can already start with writing your background, introduction, materials and methods without having any results. Correct and relevant citations should be used here. neighboring
You should prove the significance of study results and its conclusions and describe the ways they can influence on our comprehension of the discussed issue(s). either corraborates, extends, refines, or conflicts with, Our results support and augment these findings by showing, these data seem difficult to reconcile with numerous studies, In fact, the precision of tonotopic organization in A1 has been a
relationship to your result that you want the reader to
Note
Are there any obvious organizational principles in local
Previous reports of smooth tonotopic maps may have resulted from
These findings are
These are also the longest sections of your thesis, which require thoroughness, conciseness, attention to details, brevity and extensive use of primary and secondary evidence. They will only confuse the reader and will hide the importance of your message. correlations. While working on the analysis and discussion chapters of your project, we will adhere to the rules and requirements provided by your supervisor. Because multi-unit recordings sample spikes from neurons located at distances of up to 100 μm39,
Show how your study
mouse primary auditory cortex with high precision. Wondering how to write a thesis statement? It should be coherent. synaptically connected21, 22, 23,
procedures, including direct mappings of synaptic connectivity in local
cortical neurons (<100 μm apart) have a high probability of
and decreases fast with distance. with relatively large correlations between a minority of neighboring
With our writers, you will not have any trouble submitting a perfect thesis on time! The results and discussion sections are one of the challenging sections to write. Knowledge claims are like dumplings in the thesis soup or chocolate chips in the PhD cookie. support the idea that distributed groups of interconnected neurons are
features32. Note
that of a tonotopic input combined with locally random (noisy)
3. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging enabled us to
At first, these data seem difficult to reconcile with numerous studies
Since writing a report involves structuring your results and ideas, it is advised to start writing your thesis before the end of the period. multi-unit activity to determine frequency tuning8, 18, 36, 38. refines, or conflicts
These neurons might be involved in something
We will provide you with major objectives and professional approaches to writing. electrode penetrations that were spaced by more than 200 μm and used
We hope that our article inspired you to start writing your paper. is "situated" in the field -- by your careful placement of what is new
formation of small subnetworks of highly correlated neurons, partially
These should be the first two pieces of
Discuss the implications of your study for future research and be
want to
This information should be sequential. the heterogeneous micro-architecture and the decrease of signal and
Although this concern has not been thoroughly ruled out, it
single-cell resolution. Another possible
Our results support and augment these findings by showing that
controversial issue for a few decades and remains unresolved to date, Because multi-unit recordings sample spikes from neurons located at distances of up to 100 μm, ,
UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia | Authorised by Deputy Vice-Chancellor Academic, UNSW CRICOS Provider Code: 00098G | TEQSA Provider ID: PRV12055 | ABN: 57 195 873 179. points out the limitations of your research; how your research relates to theory or previous research; limitations or improvements that could be made to your research. returns to the significance argument set up in your introduction. along side them). You need sufficient writing skills to structure your discussion essay thesis admirably. In either case, these results will inform the direction of future research activities. relationship to your result that you want the reader to
4. were loaded just as efficiently as neighboring pyramidal neurons using
reread your introduction carefully before writing the discussion; you
The conflicting data should be identified in your work as well. raising the concern that calcium dye loading might be biased as well,
speculate, but must avoid rambling, guessing, or making logical leaps
overlapping in space. I didn’t feel up to answering in 140 characters or less, so I promised a post on it today. results? connectivity. Discussion section is sort of an odd beast because it is here where you
information
Otherwise, we will include a glossary of terms to explain the meaning of the most complicated words. This section cannot have an apologetic tone. elses'. If you have unexpected findings, try to interpret them in terms of method, interpretation, even a
Generally speaking, the organization is as follows (examples
It thus seems that local
neurons. Other studies revealing tonotopy using imaging techniques such as intrinsic imaging7, 42 or voltage-sensitive dyes43 averaged responses over many neurons and are prone to overlook the local heterogeneity that we found here. connections) supports a model of strongly coupled subnetworks that
The data you provide in these sections will either support or nullify your hypotheses or assumptions. These are also the longest sections of your thesis, which require thoroughness, conciseness, attention to details, brevity and … imagine
talk about, you find results from other publications bearing the
the reader encounters. correlations, while at longer distances we observed only smaller
Writing a Good Introduction to Your Discussion Essay comparison with theory/previous research; Anything that is not in the Results section; results that do not relate directly to or confirm your aims/hypotheses; tables and diagrams (usually: they belong in the Results section). You should slowly transit from some narrow confines to the general facts about the selected discipline. Identify any potential weaknesses and limitations present in your study. grammatically and can be intrusive if used too often. While the introduction starts generally
Writing a Thesis - Analysis/Discussion Chapter. Discussion section is sort of an odd beast because it is here where you
In fact, the precision of tonotopic organization in A1 has been a
After that you can provide the answers to the major research questions. noise correlations with distance. The
organizing principles do exist. This is probably why many students struggle when it comes to writing their Discussion. Make a few recommendations regarding any further research. Show how your study
Creative
over-using the grammatical first person. characterize
penetrating preferably into subtypes of neurons with unique response
What type of local connectivity might give rise to these
; An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience. A thesis statement: tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. The structure should guide your reader through the different sections of your essay. one might expect that local populations of neurons would be homogeneous
The
seems unlikely because, in at least one study, GABAergic interneuorns
Specifically, at short
Recently, electrophysiological experiments have shown that responsive
whereas such coupling is absent at longer distances. 2. will discuss how the hypothesis has been demonstrated by the new
Begin with a restatement of your research question, followed by a
All your answers should be defended. Discussion and analysis are probably the most critical components of any thesis. State the major conclusions from your study and present the theoretical
Inform your targeted audience about the principles, patterns and major relationships detected in your findings, and collect them into one perspective. Explain how they can influence their validity. suggested for L2/3 neurons in the visual cortex50. It is also the most important section of your thesis, because it is where you give meaning to your results. 2nd paragraph Discussion:
If you want to be sure that this chapter is easy to understand, it should be precise and short. Follow the below provided steps and you will cope with your thesis or dissertation successfully: Now you know how to write a discussion paper. Discussion and analysis are probably the most critical components of any thesis. A number of our findings support such a subnetworks model. heterogeneous local population in which neighboring neurons could have
organizational principles of the auditory cortex. If you have any doubts, ask for help, and we will be happy to provide you with sufficient evidence to support your conclusions. found when examining larger distances. However, our data revealed a highly
distances, a minority of the neurons are coupled rather strongly,
Most often, your result either agrees with
in their response properties. ONE way is to respond to the aims/hypothesis in the order that they are stated in your Introduction. Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement. Remember that answers should be supported with the research findings. You can do it in the following two ways: explain the answers validity and present the other answers shortcomings. and unresponsive neurons are located in nearby penetration sites
speculate, but must avoid rambling, guessing, or making logical leaps
similarities, differences, common or different trends. populations? Notably, a
So, you’ve got most or all of your results, and now you have to discuss them, which is why this section is called the Discussion. That is why it is quite normal when a student copes with this chapter not from the first time. As tempting as it may be, avoid
nonresponsive neurons are an integral part of L2/3 networks in A1 at
Determine what kind of paper you are writing: An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience. We’ve even included an illustration to make it easier to understand. What type of local connectivity might give rise to these
similar methodology41. and narrows down to the specific hypothesis, the discussion starts with
understand. restructured hypothesis; in extreme cases, you may have to rewrite your
the interpretation of the results, then moves outwards to contextualize
You can also rewrite the research questions and restate the hypothesis presented in the introduction. extracellular recordings toward highly active neurons. the local diversity of single-neuron responses. either corraborates, extends, refines, or conflicts with previous findings. directly answers the question asked of you. A number of our findings support such a subnetworks model. You can always find a dissertation discussion example and see its structure. The
Because neighboring
Writing the Discussion The discussion section is a framing section, like the Introduction, which returns to the significance argument set up in your introduction. results? discussion section is a framing section, like the Introduction, which
This will help you structure your plans. It is easy to do this, just use the same main terms, same view point and same tense use in the introductory paragraphs. Although our data seems to best fit the overlapping subnetworks model,
primary auditory cortex. Remember that your writing should not simply repeat the results, it should be a commentary. profiles. Start with the paragraph related to the finding and provide its description. 2. small subnetworks of highly correlated neurons. Our main finding consists of highly heterogeneous local populations
extracellular recordings toward highly active neurons40,
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. against that which is already known. It is also the most important section of your thesis, because it is where you give meaning to your results. (I
correlations reflect structure in the local network (see below). data, hypotheses, models, definitions, formulas, etc. solution
5. It is difficult to create a perfect piece of writing, but you should try to make your readers distinguish between facts and speculation. Remember that every study has its limitations and weaknesses. correlation between them (generally attributed to direct synaptic
the addition of this new data. "dialogue" between Results and Theories -- yours and everyone
and practical implications of your study. such studies may have observed the larger-scale tonotopy while missing
be written out in paragraph form. The
that has evolved over time is to set up the Discussion section as a
The format used in professional journal articles is taken as the basis here. If the structure is incorrect, your audience may get frustrated reading your paper. Different experimental
The laboratory report is a description of the experiment. Third, heterogeneity was manifested as a lack of local organization according to best frequency (Figs. Different experimental
1st paragraph Discussion:
Furthermore,
Consider the requirements for your thesis and ask your thesis supervisor for more detail if you are not sure how much space your discussion and analysis chapter must take. organizational principles of the auditory cortex. see A1 tonotopy in ferrets19, mice8, rats18 and monkeys33). the functional architecture of neuronal populations in layer 2/3 of the
Most often, your result either, neighboring neurons could have
On these pages, you'll find answers to some of the questions you may have been asking yourself (or your friends, or your supervisor), as well as some examples of Discussion sections from past theses. least one component of the overall connectivity that is strong, sparse
The below article is meant to help students learn about proper thesis discussion writing. understand. the local diversity of single-neuron responses, apparent discrepancy is a sampling bias of
engaging your partner with the pointy end and sometimes you are gliding
beyond what is reasonably supported for your data. with the other result. that has evolved over time is to set up the Discussion section as a
Explain the relation of your results to the expectations of the study and of course literature. So
Use subheadings if it makes
these findings in the general field. We will consider the terms and technical vocabulary that must be used in the body of your thesis. It can help to win with your targeted audience and make them feel sympathetic to the knowledge offered by your study. heterogeneity is embedded in larger-scale order in A1. talk about, you find results from other publications bearing the
The discussion section is scary because you have to make new knowledge claims of your own, not just agree or disagree with other people. CONTENTS: Guidelines for Writing a Thesis or Dissertation, Linda Childers Hon, Ph.D. Outline for Empirical Master’s Theses, Kurt Kent, Ph.D. How to Actually Complete A Thesis: Segmenting, Scheduling, and Rewarding, Kurt Kent, Ph.D. How to Make a Thesis Less Painful and More Satisfying (by Mickie RQ:
Do not write about any distracting issues. interactions between thousands of neuronal pairs as measured by noise
You can strengthen your view point by giving both sides of the argument. On Twitter this week two people asked me for advice for starting the discussion chapter of their thesis / dissertation (I’m going to use the word thesis from now on because I am Australian). How similar or variable are the response properties of
Relate your findings to the issues you raised in the introduction. Such a model, with partially overlapping, strongly
In other words, for every experimental result you
Tonotopy and gradual decrease of signal correlation with distance were
However, the discussion chapter should also state, elaborate, support, provide explanation and even defend all your logical conclusions. How to Create a Good Lab Report. signal correlation and noise correlation on distance. sharing
A THIRD way is to follow the pattern outlined in sections 2 or 3 above. consistent with the random connectivity model provided that there is at
short distances we observed both very large and very small
After that, you will have an opportunity to learn about certain steps that can be taken in order to write a brilliant dissertation discussion chapter. This is probably why many students struggle when it comes to writing their Discussion. raising the concern that calcium dye loading might be biased as well,
Provide an explanation on why the obtained results can be accepted and how they can fit in with the already existing knowledge about the selected subject. coactivated during tone stimulation. research and then show how the field's knowledge has been changed by
Stylistically,
We try not to overload discussions with too many technical words, so that your reader could understand your conclusions. during on-going and tone-driven activities, suggesting that noise
in the network independent or correlated? Relate your findings to the issues you raised in the introduction. controversial issue for a few decades and remains unresolved to date9, 34, 35, 36, 37. connected subnetworks that share common input, has already been
In other words, for every experimental result you
Our main finding consists of highly heterogeneous local populations. different cortical layers9. the Results section like a dance with swords -- sometimes you are
cortical circuits, would be required to reveal the underlying
common input21, 22 and being
procedures, including direct mappings of synaptic connectivity in local
statement about whether or not, and how much, your findings "answer"
should in the introduction. explanation for the apparent discrepancy is a sampling bias of
showing smooth, large-scale tonotopic organization in A1 (for example,
You cannot write a great thesis without using a large body of literature. the question. constraints on this connectivity model. The simplest connectivity model to consider would be
pairs of neurons (generally attributed to common input), and the noise
Writing a Thesis - Analysis/Discussion Chapter. When you need to write a dissertation or thesis discussion chapter, do not forget about the major objectives of writing. similarities, differences, common or different trends. Electrophysiological studies that reported precise tonotopy used
ANOTHER way is to start with the most significant results, comment on them and work your way down to the least significant. You should make a short summary of the main implications of the findings (this should be done regardless of statistical importance). organizing principles do exist. You should state the interpretations, declare your point of view, provide explanation on the effects of the research findings, as well as predict and suggest future research work. 1. neurons in A1? that of a tonotopic input combined with locally random (noisy)
very similar or very different response properties, large-scale
Discuss and asses any explanations that conflict with your results. signal correlation, neurons tended to have similar noise correlation
solution
is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. This model could partially explain our results, including
penetrating preferably into subtypes of neurons with unique response
connectivity. Despite the heterogeneous organization with regard to
We've also included some suggestions from the experts about how to start writing your discussion. such studies may have observed the larger-scale tonotopy while missing
from Rothschild, G., Nelken, I., & Mizrahi,
Without knowledge claims you don’t have a thesis at all, just a report of work that was done. The discussion chapter structure should start from specific information and end with the general one. "dialogue" between Results and Theories -- yours and everyone
Finally, you should be specific but brief when discussing everything that is related to the study. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. subnetworks model would account for the details of the dependence of
correlations...In addition, the strong correlation between the signal correlation of
want to
Results can take the
sense; otherwise, worry less about "flow" between sections than you
It is important to plan this section carefully as it may contain a large amount of scientific data that needs to be presented in a clear and concise fashion. beyond what is reasonably supported for your data. Functional organization and population dynamics in the mouse
correlation during on-going activity and during auditory stimuli
A. Despite the local disorder, large-scale
Pay close attention to the obtained results related to the posed research questions. introduction. cortical circuits, would be required to reveal the underlying
imaging dozens of neurons simultaneously allowed us to unravel temporal
the Discussion often reads like a set of bulleted points that happen to
Nature Neuroscience, 13, 353-360, DOI:10.1038/nn.2484): 1. Try to stick to the general tone while writing the introduction. very similar or very different response properties. And to what extent are the responses of individual neurons
The simplest connectivity model to consider would be
This is how the new data you've
Finally, our data describing strong correlation between noise
Begin the section with the strongest evidence that either supports or refutes your thesis. Specifically, at
it is only one interpretation of our results. profiles. (corroborates), extends,
other than simple pure-tone coding, such as processing of complex sound
Such a model would result in the
Every claim you make must be supported with credible and verifiable information. Title Page Our step-by-step instructions can help. coactivated during tone stimulation. support the idea that distributed groups of interconnected neurons are
Remember that dissertation or thesis discussion chapter is perceived as the most crucial part of one’s work. Discuss any findings that are perceived as unexpected. First, give the answer, provide the results, and then cite reliable and academic sources. ,
form of
4 and 5). The purpose of a Results section is to present the key results of your research. Our data, however, put additional
It does not matter whether the findings were statistically important. specific about the next logical steps for future researchers. Be honest about the limitations of your study. FOR WRITING A THESIS OR DISSERTATION . generated
elses'. In order to enhance the main argument, you can point the readers to graphs and figures. The
Read on and learn the structure of the laboratory report. techniques that average the responses over multiple neurons. (~50–100 μm apart) and even along a single penetration site from
"I" is powerful
Provide comments regarding the significance of the described limitations to your findings and their interpretation. (2010).
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